====== Choosing Software ======

===== Choosing an Operating System =====
We choose the Linux as the standard and default operating system within DTM print centers. This is a carefully thought-out decision based on years of experience. If you would like to know more about the reasons behind this choice, read on!

==== Stability ====
Stability is important, especially considering that some of our print centers are in very remote areas. An unstable system can be a detriment to progress.

A properly installed and maintained Windows system can be stable. But the reality is, the vast majority of Windows installations in the areas where we work in Africa are pirated. They do not have access to the latest security updates, and are not protected by updated anti-virus software.

**Comparison of Operating System Stability**

^ ^ Windows ^ Linux ^
| **Memory usage** | Windows generally requires more memory, and will tend to run more sluggishly on older hardware. | A light-weight installation of Linux can make use of older, lower-spec hardware that would not be useful otherwise. |
| **Background Processes** | Tends to have more background processes, contributing to sluggishness. | Tends to come with more minimal set of background services. |
| **Updates** | Often automated, sometimes forced, hard to control. An update running in the background can bog the computer down. | Offers more control over when updates are applied. |
| **Registry** | Uses a registry system for configuration settings. Tends to get fragmented, which can degrade performance. | Uses configuration files across the filesystem. Not as susceptible to fragmentation. |

A proper installation of Linux is very stable. By default, all computers in DTM print centers use [[https://www.debian.org/|Debian]] Linux. We recommend choosing the stable releases of Linux for the best experience. These are Long-Term Support (LTS) releases and should be supported for five years from the release.

==== Cost ====
Choosing Linux can be a significantly wise choice for a ministry, especially if the budget is limited. Legally acquiring the necessary licenses and hardware for proprietary operating systems can be prohibitively high. Linux, on the other hand, is legally acquired for free. This choice could even make or break the success of the ministry.

Linux is especially suited to Africa where higher-powered hardware is more costly and harder to find. A lightweight version of Linux can be installed on an older machine that would perhaps have been thrown away, as its specs are not up to par with Windows minimum requirements.

Another serious advantage of Linux is freedom from vendor lock-in. On average, an Apple computer is much more expensive than other brands with similar specifications. In addition, an Apple computer doesn't talk kindly with an Android phone. So you will be tempted to replace the Android phone with a more costly iPhone. Apple has its own proprietary software which stores images and music. Before you know it, you are trapped in the vendor lock-in and are basically forced to continue with Apple. Switching becomes inconvenient.

=== Comparison of Operating System Cost ===
^ ^ Windows 11 Pro ^ MacOS ^ Linux ^
| **Initial cost** | $200, or "free" with purchase of hardware | "free" with purchase of hardware | free |
| **Additional copies** | Must be purchased | Must be purchased | Free, as many as needed |
| **Hardware** | Requires mid-high powered machines | Apple hardware is far more expensive | Can be used even on low-powered machines |
| **Other software** | Mix of free and paid software | Mix of free and paid software | Mostly free, some paid |
| **Vendor Lock-in risk** | medium | high | low |
==== Virus Risk ====
Risk of infecting your computer with a virus are much greater under Windows than under Linux. This is perhaps for several reasons.

Often, Windows users have administrative privileges by default, which can lead to viruses infecting the computer more easily. Linux follows a more rigorous permission model, limiting the impact if a virus 

We encourage using the official software package repositories whenever possible to minimize risk of downloading malicious software from unverified sources.

=== Comparison of Operating System Virus Risk ===
^ ^ Windows 11 Pro ^ MacOS ^ Linux ^
| Risk of virus infection | medium to high | low | low |
| Code | proprietary | proprietary | open-source |
| User permissions | often admin by default | users have more limited default privileges | users have more limited default privileges |

===== Choosing Software =====
There is a lot of excellent software available both for free and for purchase. Choosing the right software is very important.

==== Some things to look for ====

* Look for software solutions that adhere to open standards and use open file formats. This will help with interoperability.
* Consider open-source software as a priority over proprietary software
* Avoid software that depends on an Internet connection or the cloud.

==== Avoid Piracy ====
Pirated software refers to the unauthorized use of software without obtaining the proper licensing or making the necessary payments to the copyright holder. This practice is unjust and constitutes a violation of intellectual property rights. Installing an operating system or application illegally, without payment, may seem tempting when faced with resource constraints. However, it's essential to understand that limited funds do not justify engaging in illegal activities.

Desert Tree Ministry strictly prohibits the use of pirated software. God calls for individuals of integrity to carry out His work. As we seek God's blessings, it is our responsibility to remain faithful to Him by ensuring that our actions align with ethical and legal standards.

==== Proprietary Software Advantages ====

=== Professional Support ===
Proprietary software companies frequently provide a dedicated support team to assist users facing challenges during the installation or use of their software. This service can be a significant advantage for customers seeking prompt assistance.

=== Refined User Interface ===
Moreover, proprietary software often exhibits a higher level of polish and refinement. While it's worth noting that there are numerous high-quality open-source applications available, proprietary software tends to undergo rigorous testing and continuous improvement, leading to a more streamlined and polished user experience. The choice between proprietary and open-source software often depends on specific needs, preferences, and the level of support and refinement desired by the user.

==== Proprietary Software Disadvantages ====

=== High Cost ===
Proprietary software can pose a significant financial challenge for ministries operating with limited resources. The cost becomes more burdensome as the number of users and computers increases, as each user or computer usually requires a purchased license for software installation and usage.

If the software is what you absolutely need to get the job done, than buy it if you can afford it. But you will find it definitely worth it to consider if other quality free software is sufficient for the task you are trying to do.

=== Subscription Traps ===
Indeed, many software companies, including Adobe, have shifted to a subscription-based model, requiring users to pay a monthly fee rather than making a one-time purchase. Adobe InDesign, a widely-used page design and layout software, exemplifies this approach. As of January 2024, opting for a one-year subscription means paying $22.99 per month, totaling $277.88 for the year.

For users requiring additional Adobe products like Photoshop or Illustrator, a comprehensive subscription to the ultimate creative toolkit comes at a cost of $59.99 per month, amounting to $719.88 for one year. This shift to subscription models has become common in the software industry, offering users continuous access to updates and support but altering the traditional approach of a single upfront purchase. The financial implications of these subscriptions can be a significant consideration for individuals or organizations managing budgets.

Additionally, if you're unable to pay your subscription fee for any reason, you lose access to your data. The software stops working, and you can no longer modify your files.

=== Vendor Lock-in ===
Once you start using software from a particular company, you are locked in to that company. Using proprietary software can make it difficult to switch to alternative solutions later.

==== Open-source Software Advantages ====

=== Free ===

Open-source software is usually free to download, install, and use, with no limits to the number of users or machines. The basic set of applications used in publishing can be freely installed on each laptop or computer within each print center across various countries, without consideration of licensing expenses.

=== Interoperability ===

When the same software is used across multiple print centers, it becomes easier to collaborate on projects and translations. If each print center uses the same software, we won't end up with the situation where one produces files with a proprietary software which then cannot be read by other print centers.

=== Software Updates and Improvement ===

Another advantage is that since the source code is freely available, the developer community can collaborate and respond to security vulnerabilities quickly. If the developer community is active, they may respond to requests from the user community for new features and bug fixes.

==== Open-source Software Disadvantages ====

=== Support ===

Depending on the project, some open-source software may have little or no technical support if the user encounters difficulties.

=== Usability ===
Some open-source software lacks refinement and polish in the user interface. This varies greatly from one application to the next, and some user interfaces are very polished and intuitive.

**Comparison of Proprietary and Open-source Software**
^ ^ Proprietary ^ Open-source ^
| **Interoperability** | Possibly restrictive because of  budget constraints | Unrestricted collaboration |
| **Support** | Professional support varies. Typically, a paid proprietary software offers professional support. | Community support varies. Some applications are well supported, while others are not. |
| **User Interface** | Varies, but tends to be more polished. | Varies, but sometimes is less polished. |
| **Cost** | Can be expensive | Usually free and accessible |
| **Subscription Trap** | A common trend, can lead to the software company controlling access to your data. |Unlimited access, no expiration |
| **Vendor Lock-in** | Proprietary format obligates continued use of proprietary software.| Usually adheres to open standards and open file formats, ensuring free access to your data. |